COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges
Kuldeep Dhama1, Manish Dhawan2,3, Ruchi Tiwari4
1Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|March 8, 2022
Summary
Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines offer a promising alternative to intramuscular injections, inducing robust mucosal and cellular immunity. These vaccines may prevent infection, disease, and limit transmission, representing a significant advancement in pandemic control.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Vaccinology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates effective vaccination strategies.
- Intramuscular (IM) vaccines elicit systemic immunity but may not fully prevent transmission.
- Intranasal (IN) vaccine development aims to enhance mucosal immunity and ease of administration.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines.
- To highlight the potential of IN vaccines in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
Main Methods:
- Review of current research and development in intranasal COVID-19 vaccine technology.
- Analysis of immune responses, including antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity.
- Comparison of IN vaccines with existing IM vaccines.
Main Results:
- Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate potential for inducing significant antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity.
- IN vaccines can stimulate protective mucosal immunity, particularly secretory IgA in the nasal compartment.
- Potential for IN vaccines to prevent viral infection, replication, shedding, and disease, possibly limiting transmission.
Conclusions:
- Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines offer a promising approach to combatting the pandemic.
- Advantages include ease of administration and induction of crucial mucosal immunity.
- Further development is crucial to overcome challenges and realize the full potential of IN vaccines.
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