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Updated: Oct 1, 2025
Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
Published on: September 17, 2019
Chronological age range estimation of cervical vertebral maturation using Baccetti method: a systematic review and
Maria Inês Magalhães1, Vanessa Machado1,2,3, Paulo Mascarenhas3
1Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, Almada, Portugal.
Background:
The timing of growth is a key factor for correct orthodontic treatment planning. Cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) is no exception, although the reported chronological ages vary in the literature.
Objective:
We aimed to estimate the average chronological age for each Baccetti's CVM staging.
Search Methods:
Search on MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted until July 2021. The review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Selection Criteria:
Observational or interventional studies reporting chronological age classified through Baccetti's CVM method were included.
Data Collection And Analysis:
Methodological quality was assessed, and pooled estimates were carried out through random-effects meta-analysis of single means. The impact of sex and continent were also investigated through subgroup analyses.
Results:
Forty-one studies were included (9867 participants, 4151 men, and 5716 women). The average chronological age was 9.7 years old (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4 to 10.1) in CS1, 10.8 years old (95% CI: 10.5 to 11.1) in CS2, 12.0 years old (95% CI: 11.7 to 12.2) in CS3, 13.4 years old (95% CI: 13.2 to 13.6) in CS4, 14.7 years old (95% CI: 14.4 to 15.1) in CS5, and 15.8 years old (95% CI: 15.3 to 16.3) in CS6. A significant difference was found between the sexes in all CVM stages. We also found significant differences across continents.
Conclusions:
For each CVM staging a chronological age range was successfully estimated. Girls presented an earlier skeletal maturation compared to boys. The skeletal maturation differs also according to continents, except for CMV stage 1, pointing to the need for personalized ranges according to each region.
Registration:
Registration number: PROSPERO: CRD42021225422.
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