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High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem
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Human Neocortex Layer Features Evaluated by PIXE, STIM, and STXM Techniques.

Paulo Fernandes Costa Jobim1, Carla Eliete Iochims Dos Santos2, Johnny Ferraz Dias3

  • 1Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. paulojobim@live.com.

Biological Trace Element Research
|March 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

New ion beam and synchrotron radiation techniques reveal elemental distribution and density patterns in the human neocortex. These methods offer novel ways to study cortical layers and may aid in understanding neurological conditions.

Keywords:
Cerebral cortexCytoarchitectureGray and white matterSwift ion beam, Synchrotron radiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The human neocortex exhibits a distinct six-layered cytoarchitecture crucial for specialized functions.
  • Traditional methods like histology and neurochemistry have limitations in fully characterizing these layers.
  • Advanced imaging techniques are needed to explore elemental composition and density variations within cortical layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of swift ion beam and synchrotron radiation techniques for distinguishing human neocortical layers.
  • To analyze elemental distributions and areal density patterns in the temporal cortex.
  • To assess the potential of particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) for cortical layer analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Human temporal cortex samples from neurologically normal adults were analyzed.
  • A 3 MeV proton beam was used for PIXE (elemental composition) and STIM (areal density) measurements.
  • Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was employed for cellular density analysis at higher resolution.

Main Results:

  • Zinc concentrations were elevated in cortical layers II and V.
  • Areal density decreased in layers III and V, correlating with higher pyramidal neuron density.
  • STXM provided higher lateral resolution than STIM but was insufficient to delineate individual cortical layer borders.

Conclusions:

  • Swift ion beam and synchrotron radiation techniques show promise for analyzing human neocortical layers based on elemental and density variations.
  • These methods provide complementary data to existing techniques for studying neocortical gray matter.
  • The findings support further investigation of these techniques for understanding normal brain tissue and potentially pathological conditions.