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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
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Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Nanostructuring and macroscopic behavior of type V deep eutectic solvents based on monoterpenoids.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2021
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Insights on novel type V deep eutectic solvents based on levulinic acid.

Alberto Gutiérrez1, Lorena Zamora1, Cristina Benito1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study characterizes natural deep eutectic solvents using experiments and theory, revealing key intermolecular forces that govern their macroscopic properties for green solvent applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are emerging as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents.
  • Understanding the fundamental intermolecular interactions in DES is crucial for their targeted design and application.
  • Type V natural DES, incorporating menthol, thymol, and levulinic acid, present a promising class of green solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a multiscale characterization of Type V natural deep eutectic solvents.
  • To investigate the relationship between intermolecular forces, particularly hydrogen bonding, and macroscopic properties.
  • To establish nano-macro relationships for the rational design of these green solvents.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal conductivity) across a temperature range.
  • Quantum chemistry calculations to analyze hydrogen bonding, interaction strength, and electronic properties in molecular clusters.
  • Classical molecular dynamics simulations to characterize bulk liquid structure, void distribution, and dynamics at the nanoscale.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive thermophysical data were obtained for the studied natural DES.
  • Hydrogen bonding interactions were quantified, revealing their topology and strength.
  • Nanoscopic insights into fluid structuring, void distribution, and dynamics were elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully links molecular-level interactions to macroscopic behavior in natural DES.
  • Established nano-macro relationships are essential for optimizing DES performance in various technological applications.
  • These findings support the development and implementation of environmentally friendly solvent systems.