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Related Concept Videos

Impact of Individuals on Individuals01:30

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Human behavior is intricately shaped by social influences that arise from interactions with others in diverse contexts. These influences not only mold beliefs and attitudes but also drive the regulation of behaviors through both direct communication and observational learning. The study of these processes falls within the domain of social psychology, which seeks to understand how individuals are affected by and affect those around them.Mechanisms of Social InfluenceDirect social influence...
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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
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How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty?

Christoph Lakner1, Daniel Gerszon Mahler1, Mario Negre1,2

  • 1World Bank, Washington, DC USA.

Journal of Economic Inequality
|March 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Global poverty reduction requires addressing income inequality. Simulations show reducing the Gini index annually significantly lowers extreme poverty rates, outperforming GDP growth alone. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated poverty globally.

Keywords:
COVID-19Inclusive growthInequalityMachine-learningPovertySDGsSimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Socioeconomic studies
  • Global development economics
  • Poverty research

Background:

  • The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals aim to end extreme poverty by 2030 and promote income equality.
  • Global poverty and income distribution remain critical challenges impacting billions worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate future global poverty scenarios from 2019 to 2030 under varying growth and inequality assumptions.
  • To assess the impact of reducing within-country inequality on extreme poverty rates.
  • To analyze the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on global poverty levels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 166 countries, representing 97.5% of the world's population.
  • Employed a machine-learning algorithm (model-based recursive partitioning) to link GDP growth to household survey data.
  • Simulated poverty trajectories based on different growth incidence curves and Gini index changes.

Main Results:

  • Without changes in inequality, over 600 million people will remain in extreme poverty by 2030 (7.4% rate).
  • A 1% annual decrease in each country's Gini index could reduce the global poverty rate to 6.3%, lifting 89 million out of poverty.
  • Annual Gini index reduction is more impactful on poverty reduction than a 1% GDP growth increase.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing income inequality is a more effective strategy for global poverty alleviation than solely focusing on economic growth.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic likely increased extreme poverty by approximately 60 million in 2020.
  • A pandemic-induced 2% rise in the Gini index could have pushed over 90 million into extreme poverty in 2020.