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Related Concept Videos

G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 1, 2025

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Autoantibodies targeting GPCRs and RAS-related molecules associate with COVID-19 severity.

Otavio Cabral-Marques1,2,3, Gilad Halpert4,5, Lena F Schimke6

  • 1Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. otavio.cmarques@usp.br.

Nature Communications
|March 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and RAS-related molecules are linked to COVID-19 severity. Higher autoantibody levels in moderate to severe cases suggest their role in disease pathogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • COVID-19 exhibits autoantibody production, similar to systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding autoantibody profiles is crucial for elucidating COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between autoantibodies targeting specific molecules and COVID-19 clinical severity.
  • To identify key autoantibody targets linked to disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 246 individuals.
  • Analysis of autoantibody levels and targets, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and RAS-related molecules.
  • Machine learning classification to identify significant autoantibody associations.

Main Results:

  • Elevated autoantibody levels against GPCR and RAS-related molecules were observed in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 compared to mild cases and healthy controls.
  • Antibodies targeting chemokine receptor CXCR3 and RAS-related molecule AGTR1 showed the strongest association with disease severity.
  • Distinct autoantibody network signatures correlated with intermediate and high COVID-19 severity.

Conclusions:

  • Autoantibodies targeting GPCRs and RAS-related molecules are implicated in COVID-19 severity.
  • Deregulation of these autoantibodies in COVID-19 suggests a potential role in disease pathogenesis and severity prediction.