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Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis
Published on: November 10, 2023
Protocol for generating human immune system mice and hydrodynamic injection to analyze human hematopoiesis in vivo
Deshan Ren1, Wei Liu1, Shuai Ding2
1MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, MOE Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
Abstract:
Human immune system (HIS) mice provide a valuable platform to investigate and modulate human hematopoiesis development in vivo. Here, we describe detailed protocols for the construction of HIS mice, modulation of human hematopoiesis in vivo using hydrodynamic injection of plasmids encoding cytokines of interest, and flow cytometry analysis of humanization levels and human immune subsets. This approach can be easily applied to screen or verify factors that regulate human hematopoiesis and immune system. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cardoso et al. (2021) and Li et al. (2017).

