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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

633
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
633
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

486
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
486
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

311
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
311
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

549
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
549
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

1.0K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Predictors of hyperkinetic seizures.

Veronica Menghi1, Francesca Bisulli2, Francesco Cardinale3

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy; Neurology Unit, Rimini "Infermi" Hospital-AUSL Romagna, Rimini, Italy.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|March 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Sleep-related seizures (SRE), type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), and frontal lobe epilepsy predict hyperkinetic seizures in surgically treated patients. Early onset and high seizure frequency also increase risk, while occipital lobe resection may reduce it.

Keywords:
Disorders of arousalDrug-resistanceEpilepsy surgeryHyperkinetic seizures

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Drug-resistant focal epilepsy poses significant challenges for patients undergoing surgical treatment.
  • Hyperkinetic seizures are a distinct seizure type that can complicate epilepsy management.
  • Identifying predictors of hyperkinetic seizures is crucial for optimizing surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify predisposing factors for hyperkinetic seizure occurrence in a cohort of surgically treated patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
  • To analyze the association between specific clinical, histological, and surgical variables and the risk of hyperkinetic seizures post-surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of seizure-free patients (≥12 months follow-up) after epilepsy surgery.
  • Classification of hyperkinetic seizures based on clinical description and/or video-EEG/stereo-EEG recordings.
  • Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to identify significant predictors.

Main Results:

  • Sleep-related seizures (SRE), type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), and frontal lobe resection were significantly associated with increased hyperkinetic seizure risk.
  • Longer epilepsy duration and higher pre-surgical seizure frequency also predicted hyperkinetic seizures.
  • Occipital lobe resection was associated with a reduced risk, and most hyperkinetic seizures began before age 12.

Conclusions:

  • SRE, type II FCD, and a frontal epileptogenic zone are key predictors of hyperkinetic seizures.
  • The findings highlight an age-dependent effect influencing hyperkinetic seizure manifestations.
  • These predictors can inform surgical strategies and patient counseling in focal epilepsy.