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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

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Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

A Laser-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension to Characterize Visual Defects
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Hypertensive eye disease.

Carol Y Cheung1, Valérie Biousse2, Pearse A Keane3,4

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|March 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Hypertensive eye disease, particularly retinopathy, affects many adults and signals systemic organ damage. Advanced imaging may aid hypertension management and cardiovascular risk assessment.

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Last Updated: Sep 30, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hypertensive eye disease encompasses retinopathy, choroidopathy, and optic neuropathy, stemming from elevated blood pressure.
  • Research over three decades has improved understanding of its epidemiology, systemic links, and clinical impact, especially for retinopathy.
  • Traditionally diagnosed via funduscopy, hypertensive retinopathy is increasingly documented with digital imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of hypertensive eye disease, focusing on retinopathy.
  • To highlight the role of hypertensive retinopathy as a marker of systemic target organ damage.
  • To explore the potential of new technologies in assessing and managing hypertension through ocular imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies and clinical implications of hypertensive eye disease.
  • Analysis of traditional diagnostic methods (funduscopy) and modern techniques (digital imaging).
  • Assessment of emerging technologies like optical coherence tomography angiography and artificial intelligence in ocular imaging.

Main Results:

  • Hypertensive retinopathy signs are prevalent in the adult population.
  • These signs correlate with subclinical vascular disease and predict cardiovascular events.
  • New technologies offer enhanced assessment of ocular manifestations of hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Hypertensive eye disease is a significant indicator of systemic health.
  • Ocular imaging holds promise for hypertension management and cardiovascular risk stratification.
  • Continued research and technological advancements are crucial for understanding and managing hypertensive eye disease.