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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
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Data-driven electron microscopy: electron diffraction imaging of materials structural properties.

Jian-Min Zuo1,2, Renliang Yuan1,2, Yu-Tsun Shao1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
|March 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Data-driven electron microscopy uses transmission electron diffraction to analyze materials. Recent advances in detectors and algorithms enable detailed crystallographic imaging for materials research.

Keywords:
4D-STEMelectron nanodiffractionfast electron detectorsmachine learningorientation and strain mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Transmission electron diffraction (TED) is a key technique for material structure characterization.
  • Emerging fast detectors and algorithms facilitate large-scale diffraction pattern (DP) data collection and processing.
  • This enables data-driven electron microscopy for crystallographic imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in data collection, algorithms, and automated analysis for electron diffraction.
  • To highlight progress with applications in materials research.
  • To discuss future opportunities in smart sampling and machine learning for TED.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent developments in fast electron detectors and computer algorithms for DP processing.
  • Analysis of crystallographic information extraction from large DP datasets.
  • Application examples in materials research to demonstrate progress.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in collecting and processing large datasets of diffraction patterns.
  • Development of new algorithms for efficient and accurate crystallographic information extraction.
  • Demonstrated utility of data-driven electron microscopy in materials characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in TED data collection and processing are transforming materials analysis.
  • Automated analysis and new algorithms enhance the extraction of crystallographic information.
  • Future work involving machine learning and smart sampling promises further innovation.