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Related Concept Videos

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Abstracts from The Cold Weather Operations Conference 2021.

Arne Johan Norheim1,2, Bård Rannestad3, Richard Howes4,5,6

  • 1Institute of Community Medicine, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

International Journal of Circumpolar Health
|March 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Military and civil healthcare aim to improve knowledge on cold weather injuries and arctic trauma care. The Cold Weather Operations Conference fostered research and clinical work for better prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Cold weather injuryarcticclothingfreezing cold injuryfrostbitehypothermiamilitarynon-freezing cold injurynutritionsnow avalanche

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Area of Science:

  • Arctic medicine
  • Cold weather injuries
  • Trauma care

Background:

  • Knowledge-based healthcare is crucial for military and civil medical services in harsh arctic environments.
  • Cold weather injuries and fatal accidents pose significant challenges in arctic regions.
  • Military prehospital casualty care requires specialized approaches in extreme cold.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To stimulate further research into cold weather injuries and trauma care.
  • To promote systematic, knowledge-based clinical practices for arctic environments.
  • To share research and clinical experiences from the Cold Weather Operations Conference.

Main Methods:

  • The study is based on abstracts presented at the Cold Weather Operations Conference (November 2021).
  • The conference gathered over 300 participants from 20 countries.
  • Abstracts covered prevention, treatment, and military prehospital care in cold conditions.

Main Results:

  • The conference highlighted the need for enhanced knowledge in cold weather injury prevention and treatment.
  • Discussions focused on challenges in military prehospital casualty care in arctic settings.
  • Presented research and clinical experiences are relevant for the International Journal of Circumpolar Health.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research and systematic clinical work are essential for advancing cold weather health care.
  • Knowledge sharing among international experts is vital for improving outcomes in arctic environments.
  • The conference served as a platform for disseminating critical information on cold weather operations and health.