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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level.

Vivek P Chavda1, Aayushi B Patel2, Darsh D Vaghasiya2

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|March 12, 2022
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New severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants pose risks to COVID-19 vaccine immunity. Understanding these evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants is crucial for public health strategies.

Keywords:
Delta plus variantDelta variantOmicron variantSARS-CoV-2mutationvaccinationviral variant

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved numerous variants.
  • These variants can evade immunity from existing COVID-19 vaccinations.
  • Variants exhibit increased transmissibility, severity, immune evasion, and reinfection susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • To focus on variants of concern (VOCs) globally circulating.
  • To analyze the impact of viral mutations on virus properties.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and reports.
  • Analysis of data on SARS-CoV-2 variant characteristics.
  • Categorization of variants by health organizations like the CDC.

Main Results:

  • Several variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) have been identified.
  • Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 alter its transmissibility, virulence, and immunogenicity.
  • Antibody neutralization by vaccinated individuals is decreased by certain variants.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants is essential.
  • Understanding variant evolution is critical for vaccine efficacy and public health.
  • The study highlights the dynamic nature of the pandemic and the need for adaptive strategies.