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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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RhoG's Role in T Cell Activation and Function.

Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar1, Nor Hawani Salikin1, Aminah Suhaila Haron2

  • 1Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

RhoG protein is crucial for regulating T cell activation and preventing overstimulation. Its absence leads to increased signaling but inhibited proliferation, suggesting a role in inducing T cell anergy.

Keywords:
RhoGSmall Rho GTPaseT cellcancerhemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • RhoG's role in T cell development is often redundant with other Rac subfamily members.
  • This redundancy is potentially due to overlapping signal transduction pathways.
  • RhoG activity is critical in late T cell activation and preventing T cell hyper-activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific functions of RhoG in T cell activation and anergy.
  • To explore the implications of RhoG's role in T cell-mediated diseases.
  • To identify RhoG and associated proteins as potential therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell signaling pathways.
  • Investigation of T cell proliferation and activation markers.
  • Examination of transcription factor activity, including NFAT/AP-1.
  • Review of existing literature on RhoG mutations in diseases like thymoma and HLH.

Main Results:

  • Absence of RhoG enhances T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and proliferation.
  • RhoG is essential for halting signal transduction and preventing T cell hyper-activation.
  • RhoG promotes T cell anergy by upregulating transcription factors like NFAT/AP-1.
  • NFAT activation by RhoG leads to the transcription of anergy-associated genes (e.g., IL-2, IL-5, IFN-γ).

Conclusions:

  • RhoG plays a critical, non-redundant role in late T cell activation, anergy induction, and immune homeostasis.
  • Mutant RhoG forms are linked to diseases such as thymoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
  • Further investigation into RhoG's function in normal and pathological conditions is warranted for therapeutic development.