Graphene and graphene oxide with anticancer applications: Challenges and future perspectives

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Oncology

Background:

• Graphene-based materials offer unique properties like large surface area and ease of functionalization.
• These properties make graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosystems promising for diverse biomedical applications, including cancer therapy.
• Their potential in sensing, imaging, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine is significant.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in graphene and graphene oxide (GO)-based nanosystems for cancer therapy.
• To highlight key challenges and future perspectives for developing these nanosystems for clinical use.
• To discuss critical factors influencing the efficacy and safety of G- and GO-based anticancer strategies.

Main Methods:

• Production of G-based materials via various techniques like liquid-phase exfoliation and Hummer's method.
• Assessment of crucial criteria including biocompatibility, bio-toxicity, dispersibility, and immunological compatibility.
• Analysis of surface properties, concentration, and detection strategies influencing anticancer activity.

Main Results:

• G- and GO-based nanosystems demonstrate potential for cancer therapy due to high drug loading and reactive oxygen species induction.
• Efficient drug accumulation, controlled cellular uptake, targeted drug release, and selective toxicity are vital for anticancer efficacy.
• Systematic assessment of safety and performance criteria is essential for clinical translation.

Conclusions:

• Graphene and graphene oxide nanosystems hold significant promise for advancing cancer therapy.
• Addressing challenges in biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and controlled release is crucial for future development.
• Continued research into optimizing these nanosystems will pave the way for novel cancer treatment strategies.