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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
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Polyuria and Polydipsia in Horses.

Emily A Barrell1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, VPM 225, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|March 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyuria and polydipsia in horses, characterized by excessive urination and thirst, stem from various conditions. Identifying the underlying cause through diagnostic testing is crucial for determining the prognosis.

Keywords:
ADHDiabetesPPIDPolydipsiaPolyuriaPsychogenicUrineVasopressin

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Equine Health
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) are uncommon but significant clinical signs in horses.
  • These signs can arise from a diverse range of conditions, including endocrine, infectious, toxic, iatrogenic, and psychogenic causes.
  • Primary renal disease and secondary conditions affecting other organs like the liver can also manifest as polyuria and polydipsia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the various causes of polyuria and polydipsia in horses.
  • To highlight the most common underlying diseases associated with these clinical signs.
  • To emphasize the importance of diagnostic evaluation for determining prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on equine polyuria and polydipsia.
  • Categorization of potential causes based on etiology (endocrine, infectious, toxic, etc.).
  • Identification of prevalent conditions such as chronic kidney disease and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Multiple etiologies contribute to polyuria and polydipsia in horses.
  • Chronic kidney disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and psychogenic polydipsia are the most frequent causes.
  • Diagnostic workup, including history, clinical signs, blood work, and urinalysis, guides further testing.

Conclusions:

  • The differential diagnosis for polyuria and polydipsia in horses is extensive.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential as the prognosis varies widely depending on the underlying condition.
  • Tailored diagnostic strategies are necessary for effective management and treatment planning.