Review of the use of nanodevices to detect single molecules

The development of methodologies to identify single molecules and/or to detect/monitor molecular behavior at the single-molecule level is one of the important research topics in chemistry and biology. In this review, we summarized the state-of-the-art of single molecule measurement methods and its latest applications using nanodevices integrated with molecular-size functional nanostructures, nanopores, nanogaps, and nanofluidic channels, which detect differences in chemical species, presence or absence of translational modifications, changes in steric structure, and changes in interactions between molecules. Besides these fundamental analytical achievements of molecular identification abilities, the latest applications include the single-molecule electrical sequencing, disease diagnosis, viral testing, single-molecule drug screening, and environmental monitoring. Finally, we added some discussion on the current status of single-molecule measurement as a method and technology to solve the problems to expand the future application needs of single-molecule measurement.