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Risk Factors Associated with Outcome of Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Hospital Kuala Lumpur Experience
Rajendra Rao Ramalu1,2, Regunath Kandasamy1, Azman Raffiq3
1Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Background:
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Malaysia. This study aims to evaluate the mortality risk factors of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Methods:
A single centre prospective cohort study was performed between 1 May 2017 and 30 April 2018 for patients above 18 years old with spontaneous ICH. Patients exhibiting haemorrhage due to tumours and ruptured arteriovenous malformations were excluded. The demographics, clinical parameters, radiology findings, surgical intervention, mortality at 30 days and outcome based on modified Rankin score (MRS) grading were recorded. Selected variables were incorporated into a binary logistic regression to determine the outcome predictors of mortality.
Results:
A total of 292 patients were recruited into the study. The findings showed that the mean age of ICH patients was 48.9 years old. Most of the lesions were located in the putamen (45.9%). More than half (61.0%) of the patients presented with a good outcome whereas 39.0% of the patients presented with a poor outcome. The mortality rate at 30 days was 29.1%. The important predictors for mortality were male (odds ratio [OR] = 0.343; P = 0.043), concomitant use of warfarin and aspirin (OR = 14.696; P = 0.007), ischaemic heart disease [IHD] (OR = 0.007; P = 0.003), brainstem bleed (OR = 0.001; P = 0.001), the presence of intraventricular haemorrhage [IVH] (OR = 0.198; P = 0.049) and surgery.
Conclusion:
Most diagnosed ICH patients in Malaysia were at a younger age (mean of 48.9 years old) with the significant mortality predictors were IVH, IHD, surgery and brainstem bleed.