Polarization memory rate as a metric to differentiate benign and malignant tissues

Non-invasive optical methods for cancer diagnostics, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and polarimetry, are rapidly advancing. In this respect, finding new and powerful optical metrics is an indispensable task. Here we introduce polarization memory rate (PMR) as a sensitive metric for optical cancer diagnostics. PMR characterizes the preservation of circularly polarized light relative to linearly polarized light as light propagates in a medium. We hypothesize that because of well-known indicators associated with the morphological changes of cancer cells, like an enlarged nucleus size and higher chromatin density, PMR should be greater for cancerous than for the non-cancerous tissues. A thorough literature review reveals how this difference arises from the anomalous depolarization behaviour of many biological tissues. In physical terms, though most biological tissue primarily exhibits Mie scattering, it typically exhibits Rayleigh depolarization. However, in cancerous tissue the Mie depolarization regime becomes more prominent than Rayleigh. Experimental evidence of this metric is found in a preliminary clinical study using a novel Stokes polarimetry probe. We conducted in vivo measurements of 20 benign, 28 malignant and 59 normal skin sites with a 660 nm laser diode. The median PMR values for cancer vs non-cancer are significantly higher for cancer which supports our hypothesis. The reported fundamental differences in depolarization may persist for other types of cancer and create a conceptual basis for further developments in polarimetry applications for cancer detection.