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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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The influence of different digital registration methods on measurement accuracy of clear aligner treatment outcomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measuring the Complete-arch Distortion of an Optical Dental Impression
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TIP, TORQUE & ROTATIONS: How accurately do digital superimposition software packages quantify tooth movement?

Samar M Adel1, Nikhilesh R Vaid2, Nadia El-Harouni3

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Champollion Street, El Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt. orthosamar@gmail.com.

Progress in Orthodontics
|March 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Semiautomatic best fit registration software demonstrated excellent accuracy for clear aligner therapy measurements. Automatic best fit registration software showed better agreement for mandibular superimpositions, highlighting the importance of algorithms in digital model superimposition accuracy.

Keywords:
3D digital models3D tooth movementAligner therapyArtificial intelligenceDigital orthodonticsDigital setupRegistrationScanning

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Technology
  • Digital Dentistry
  • 3D Imaging and Modeling

Background:

  • Assessing the precision of 3D digital model registration software is crucial for accurate orthodontic measurements.
  • Clear aligner therapy relies on precise digital setups for effective tooth movement simulation.
  • Evaluating different registration methods (S-BF, I-SB, A-BF) is necessary to determine their suitability for clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy of three distinct 3D digital model registration software packages.
  • To evaluate the software's ability to measure tip, torque, and rotation in clear aligner therapy.
  • To establish a benchmark for 3D digital virtual setup accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 20 pre-treatment maxillary and mandibular scans from patients undergoing clear aligner therapy.
  • Generated digital setups from pre-treatment scans using specialized tooth movement software.
  • Exported pre-treatment (T1) and setup (T2) scans as STL files for analysis in three software types: Semiautomatic best fit (S-BF), Interactive surface-based (I-SB), and Automatic best fit (A-BF) registration.

Main Results:

  • Semiautomatic best fit registration (S-BF) showed excellent agreement (>0.90) for all tooth movements, except for torque (0.808).
  • Interactive surface-based registration (I-SB) demonstrated moderate agreement (0.50-0.75) for most measurements, with good agreement for rotation (0.783).
  • Automatic best fit registration (A-BF) exhibited excellent agreement for rotation (>0.90), good agreement for tip (0.890), and moderate agreement for torque (0.740).

Conclusions:

  • Semiautomatic best fit registration software consistently provided excellent agreement in superimpositions, outperforming other tested methods.
  • Automatic best fit registration software showed superior agreement for mandibular superimpositions compared to the other software.
  • The accuracy of digital model superimpositions for tooth movement analysis is significantly influenced by the specific quantification algorithm employed by the software.