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Alpha3-like phages, unlike related viruses, are cold-sensitive due to packaging defects. Evolving these phages for cold adaptation resulted in genome reduction and increased A* gene expression, impacting viral niche determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The Microviridae family includes three sister genera: øX174, G4, and α3.
  • Alpha3-like viruses possess larger genomes and multiple A* genes within the A gene, potentially complicating genome packaging.
  • Alpha3-like phages exhibit cold sensitivity below 28°C, unlike other genera that plaque at 20°C.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between α3-like virus genome characteristics and their cold-sensitive phenotype.
  • To characterize the α3 assembly pathway at low temperatures.
  • To understand the evolutionary adaptations of α3 phages to cold environments.

Main Methods:

  • Low-temperature characterization of the α3 assembly pathway.
  • Experimental evolution of α3 phages to adapt to progressively lower temperatures.
  • Analysis of genome size and A* gene expression in evolved phages.

Main Results:

  • At low temperatures, virions were not detected, but off-pathway packaging complexes were observed.
  • Experimental evolution led to genome reduction in α3 phages.
  • Cold-adapted α3 phages showed elevated A* gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Low-temperature packaging defects contribute to the cold sensitivity of α3-like viruses.
  • Genome reduction and increased A* gene expression are key adaptations for cold growth.
  • Temperature directly influences viral diversification and niche determination independently of host physiology.