Health risk analysis from volatile organic compounds and fine particulate matter in the printing industry

The association between the printing activity and the pollutant exposure of the workers was investigated in five consecutive working days, during 8 h work shift per day. Exposure concentrations of the total volatile organic compound and fine particulate matter were measured in the four voluntary printing factories in Thailand. Two types of the printing process, offset and digital printing, were compared. The 8 h average of particulate matter 2.5 in the field blank, Offset A, Offset B, Offset C printing and Digital printing D was 7.46, 21.51, 44.26, 77.92, and 42.08 µgm^-3, respectively. The highest particulate matter level in the Offset printing C, 77.92 µgm^-3 was due to the surrounded paper dust in the area. The 8 h average of total volatile organic compounds in field blank, Offset A, Offset B, Offset C printing and Digital printing D was 0.12, 2.68, 5.02, 21.86, and 0.67 ppm, respectively. The highest total volatile organic compound was 21.86 ppm in the Offset printing C because of the high production rate and the application of organic solvents in the cleanup process. Worker's exposure to total volatile organic compound and particulate matter 2.5 in the offset printings was higher than in the digital laser printing. From the health risk evaluation, the workers in offset printings were at risk from total volatile organic compound exposure, Hazard quotient > 1. However, workers exposed to particulate matter exposures were not at risk, Hazard quotient < 1.