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The WxxxE proteins in microbial pathogenesis.

Sajan Chandrangadhan Achi1, Sareh Karimilangi1, Dominique Lie1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

Critical Reviews in Microbiology
|March 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

WxxxE effector proteins are secreted by various pathogens and play roles in host cell processes. This review details their functions across different pathogen types and secretion systems.

Keywords:
TIR domainsWxxxE motifeffectorsfunctionpathogens

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Pathogenic bacteria utilize effector proteins to manipulate host cells, aiding infection.
  • The conserved WxxxE motif is found in effectors from diverse pathogens, including enteric, non-enteric, and plant pathogens.
  • These effectors are delivered via various secretion systems, notably the Type Three Secretion System (T3SS).

Approach:

  • This review consolidates established and predicted functions of WxxxE effectors.
  • It examines their roles across different microbial species and secretion pathways.
  • The analysis includes effectors associated with T3SS, Type II, and Type IV secretion systems.

Key Points:

  • WxxxE effectors are implicated in critical cellular processes such as actin organization, inflammation, vacuole/tubule formation, and apoptosis.
  • The WxxxE motif is also present in Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domains in both bacterial and host cells.
  • Their functions extend beyond enteric pathogens, impacting non-enteric and plant pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • WxxxE effectors represent a conserved functional module across a broad range of pathogens.
  • Understanding these effectors is crucial for deciphering bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.
  • Further research into WxxxE effectors can reveal novel therapeutic targets.