Phosphate Burden and Inflammation

Phosphate is an essential macromineral often introduced to the body through dietary intake. The mechanisms for maintaining phosphate levels are tightly controlled via hormonal interactions and excretion via the kidneys. However, western diets consist of high levels of inorganic phosphate, which can overwhelm the regulatory mechanisms in place for maintaining homeostasis. Recent studies have found that phosphate burden can lead to activation of inflammatory signaling in various parts of the body. In addition, individuals with impaired kidney function may also experience exacerbated symptoms of phosphate overload due to decreased filtration and elimination. Many disease states can arise as a result of phosphate burden and subsequent inflammatory signaling, including cardiovascular diseases, tumorigenesis, depression, and neuronal disorders. While the pathophysiological causes of these diseases have been elucidated, there remains a need to address the clinical impacts of excessive dietary phosphate intake and to clarify potential drug candidates that may help alleviate these conditions. This brief chapter looks to explain the overall connection between phosphate burden and inflammation in various diseases.