Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

33.9K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
33.9K
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

16.2K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
16.2K
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

477
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
477
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

279
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
279
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

657
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
657
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

997
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
997

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Shifting Paradigm of Monoclonal Antibodies in COVID-19 Management: From Early Triumphs to Viral Resistance and Future Perspectives.

Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Prognostic Impact of miR-34a in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Early-onset colorectal cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, and implications for clinical practice.

Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico·2026
Same author

Rising incidence of stroke in survivors of severe COVID-19.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Cancer-like Hallmarks of Endometriosis: The Role of Estrogen Signaling and Stem Cell Plasticity.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Therapeutic update on alopecia areata: a critical review of standard and emerging targeted therapies.

Inflammopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia have significantly reduced overall survival-And likely by a greater magnitude than we realize.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same journal

Social jet lag is associated with incident cardiovascular disease independent of sleep duration and cardiac genetic risk.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same journal

Multicenter validation of a severity index model for predicting postoperative acute kidney injury.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same journal

The changing epidemiology of human type 2 diabetes-associated atherosclerosis: Pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging treatment possibilities.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same journal

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 complete and partial deficiency markedly accelerates apolipoprotein B48 and B100 metabolism in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same journal

Authors' reply: Myasthenia gravis following the initiation of statin therapy.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
06:08

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.4K

Advances in the Omicron variant development.

Antonio Vitiello1, Francesco Ferrara2, Amogh M Auti3

  • 1Pharmaceutical Department, Usl Umbria 1, Perugia, Italy.

Journal of Internal Medicine
|March 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Omicron variant, a new SARS-CoV-2 strain, shows increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Booster vaccines significantly improve protection, while new antivirals offer therapeutic options against COVID-19.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2VOCantiviral drugsepidemiologymonoclonal antibodiesmutationspandemicspike proteinvaccine

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
03:53

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

1.4K
Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
08:41

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
06:08

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.4K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
03:53

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

1.4K
Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
08:41

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has seen the emergence of multiple variants of concern.
  • The Omicron variant, identified in late 2021, rapidly became dominant globally.
  • Omicron exhibits significant mutations, particularly in its spike protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and transmissibility of the Omicron variant.
  • To assess the impact of Omicron on vaccine effectiveness and potential for immune escape.
  • To summarize available pharmacological agents for blocking SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the Omicron variant.
  • Analysis of molecular data, epidemiological trends, and clinical outcomes.
  • Evaluation of vaccine efficacy data and antiviral drug mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Omicron possesses over 50 mutations, with 26-35 in the spike protein, contributing to immune escape and higher transmissibility.
  • Omicron demonstrates a significant growth advantage over the Delta variant, leading to rapid spread.
  • Two vaccine doses offer limited protection against Omicron infection, but boosters significantly enhance protection against severe illness.
  • New oral antivirals (molnupiravir, paxlovid) and existing antivirals (remdesivir) are discussed, alongside monoclonal antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Omicron is highly transmissible and shows partial immune escape, necessitating booster vaccinations.
  • Current vaccines, especially after boosting, provide substantial protection against severe Omicron disease.
  • The efficacy of certain monoclonal antibodies against Omicron requires further investigation.
  • New oral antiviral agents represent valuable therapeutic options for COVID-19 treatment.