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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
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Neutrophils and aquatic pathogens.

Kurt Buchmann1

  • 1Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

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|March 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Neutrophilic granulocytes are key innate immune cells in vertebrates, crucial for defending against pathogens. This review highlights their ancient origins and vital roles in aquatic organisms, particularly fish, against diverse microbes.

Keywords:
NETROSinnate immunityneutrophilphagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • * Immunology and Cell Biology
  • * Comparative Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology
  • * Aquatic Animal Health

Background:

  • * Neutrophilic granulocytes are essential circulating immune cells in vertebrates.
  • * They provide innate immune defense against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To describe the functions of neutrophils and analogous cells.
  • * To emphasize their roles in aquatic organisms and associated pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • * Comprehensive literature review.
  • * Focus on aquatic environments and pathogens.

Main Results:

  • * Neutrophil-like functions are ancient, found in invertebrates like amoebae and sponges.
  • * Vertebrate neutrophils (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) exhibit varied morphology but conserved functions.
  • * In fish, neutrophils recognize pathogens via PRRs, perform phagocytosis, release extracellular traps (NETs), and recruit other immune cells, combating viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Conclusions:

  • * Neutrophils are central to innate immunity in aquatic organisms, supporting acquired immunity.
  • * Balanced immune responses are crucial to minimize host tissue damage.