Constructive strategies for drug delivery systems in antivirus disease therapy by biosafety materials

Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the development of antiviral drugs has attracted increasing attention. Clinical antiviral drugs show weak solubility, low bioavailability, adverse side effects, or only limited targets. With the advancement of nanotechnology and material science, biosafety nanomaterials have been constructed for drug delivery systems of antiviral disease therapy, such as liposomes, polymers, gold nanoparticles, and graphene. These nanodrug systems can either deliver synthesized antiviral drugs siRNA/miRNA and small molecular compounds, deliver bioactive large molecular drug proteins and mRNA, or show antiviral activity by themselves. Nanodelivery systems could effectively enhance the efficiency of antiviral drugs by increasing drug loading and host cell uptake with a small size and high specific surface area. This review focused on the biosafety nanomaterials used for antiviral therapy and discussed the options for the design of antiviral drugs in the future.