Internal Mammary Lymph Node Biopsy during Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective Study
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Updated: Sep 30, 2025
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Benjamin D Schultz1, Darren Sultan1, Grace Ha1
1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York.
Background:
Accurate assessment of regional lymph node basins is critical for oncological management of breast cancer. The internal mammary lymph node (IMLN) basin directly drains the medial pole of the breast, but biopsy is not commonly performed. While the axillary sentinel lymph node sample remains the standard of care, the majority of patients who have been found to have a positive IMLN biopsy have simultaneously had negative axillary sentinel lymph nodes. This study prospectively examines routine IMLN biopsy during microsurgical breast reconstruction.
Methods:
An IRB-approved study of routine IMLN biopsies in 270 consecutive patients who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction was performed from July 1, 2018, to June 1, 2021. Recorded data included unilateral or bilateral breast reconstruction, unilateral or bilateral IMLN sampling, patient demographics, disease stage, and pathologic findings of IMLN.
Results:
The majority of patients, 240 of 270 patients (88.9%), had bilateral reconstruction. Overall, 5 out of 270 (1.9%) patients had positive IMLN; one of these patients had positive axillary sentinel lymph nodes. The IMLN biopsy results in two of the five patients affected the clinical course as they were upstaged and required chemoradiation.
Conclusion:
Direct visualization of the internal mammary lymph nodes during dissection of the recipient vessels for microsurgical breast reconstruction allows for convenient sampling, with minimal donor site morbidity and enhances the therapeutic management of patients in whom nodal involvement is present. As such, the authors recommend IMLN sampling.
