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Related Concept Videos

Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
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Rare central nervous system lymphomas.

Furqaan Ahmed Kaji1, Nicolás Martinez-Calle1, Vishakha Sovani2

  • 1Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

British Journal of Haematology
|March 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review focuses on rare central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas, distinct from common diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It summarizes current data on diagnosis and management for these less understood CNS malignancies.

Keywords:
CNSHodgkin lymphomalymphomasnon-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Hematology
  • Rare diseases

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are rare cancers involving lymphoid cells in the brain or spinal cord.
  • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype, with established treatments.
  • Rarer CNS lymphoma subtypes lack established diagnostic and management guidelines due to limited data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize clinical data on rare central nervous system lymphomas.
  • To provide insights into incidence, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of uncommon CNS lymphoma subtypes.
  • To address the lack of clinical consensus on these heterogeneous malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published clinical data on rare CNS lymphomas.
  • Synthesis of information on incidence, diagnostic features, and management strategies.
  • Analysis of reported clinical outcomes for various rare subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Rarer CNS lymphomas are clinically and biologically heterogeneous.
  • Published data primarily consists of small case series and retrospective reports.
  • Optimal diagnostic and management strategies remain unclear for many subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to establish consensus on diagnosing and managing rare CNS lymphomas.
  • Understanding the heterogeneity of these rare tumors is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge to guide future clinical practice and research.