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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

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Evaluating thyroid function in pregnant women.

K Aaron Geno1, Robert D Nerenz2,3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
|March 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy poses risks to both mother and fetus. Accurate assessment requires understanding physiological changes and using trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests.

Keywords:
Hormone pregnancyreference intervalthyroidtrimester

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Last Updated: Sep 30, 2025

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04:14

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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology and maternal-fetal medicine.
  • Endocrinology and metabolism.

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, reproduction, and fetal development.
  • Pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and low birth weight are linked to maternal thyroid dysfunction.
  • Fetal neurodevelopmental delay can result from thyroid hormone deficiency.

Approach:

  • This review details the impact of thyroid dysfunction before and during pregnancy.
  • It outlines key considerations for laboratory assessment of thyroid function in pregnant women.
  • Physiological changes during pregnancy, including hCG and estradiol effects on thyroid analytes, are discussed.

Key Points:

  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) transiently decreases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in early pregnancy.
  • Estradiol increases thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and total thyroxine (T4) as pregnancy progresses.
  • Free T4 levels tend to decrease with advancing gestational age.

Conclusions:

  • Interpreting thyroid function tests requires trimester-specific reference intervals to prevent misclassification.
  • Identifying and managing maternal thyroid dysfunction is crucial for optimal pregnancy outcomes.
  • Accurate laboratory assessment is vital due to pregnancy-induced analyte alterations.