Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 8, 2026
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Short-Term Neurologic Manifestations of Repetitive Head Impacts Among Athletes: A Scoping Review
Steve J Stephen1, Linda Hasman, May Goldenberg
1University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (Mr Stephen, Mss Hasman, Goldenberg, and Mr Merchant-Borna, and Dr Bazarian); Indiana University, Bloomington (Dr Kawata); and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Mannix).
Objective:
To summarize the evidence linking contact sports-related repetitive head impacts (RHIs) and short-term declines in neurologic function.
Methods:
A scoping review following the guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and searching 3 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science) was performed. Peer-reviewed research articles were eligible for inclusion if they were full-length English language articles published between 1999 and 2019 examining athletes between the ages of 14 and 40 years exposed to RHIs, and reporting cognitive, vestibular, and/or oculomotor outcomes within 4 weeks of last head hit exposure.
Results:
Fifty-two articles met criteria for review: 14 reported oculomotor outcomes, 23 reported vestibular outcomes, and 36 reported cognitive function. Short-term RHI-related declines in neurologic function were reported in 42.9% of oculomotor studies, in 20.8% of vestibular studies, and in 33.3% of cognitive studies. Most of the 52 studies involved American football, soccer, or ice hockey athletes at the collegiate ( n = 23) or high school ( n = 14) level. Twenty-four (46%) studies involved only male athletes. Wearable sensors were used to measure RHIs in 24 studies (46%), while RHIs were not measured in 26 studies (50%). In addition, many studies failed to control for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder/learning disability and/or concussion history.
Conclusion:
The results of this scoping review suggest that the evidence linking RHIs to short-term declines in neurologic function is relatively sparse and lacking in methodological rigor. Although most studies failed to find a link, those that did were more likely to use objective measures of RHIs and to control for confounders. More careful trial design may be needed to definitively establish a causal link between RHIs and short-term neurologic dysfunction.
