Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree Analysis

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Chronic pain as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease pathology: a longitudinal ADNI study.

Alzheimer's research & therapy·2026

Same author

Neighborhood disadvantage and cognitive function in older adults: The moderating role of young adult general cognitive ability.

Health & place·2026

Same author

Young adult urbanicity, late midlife neighborhood disadvantage, and cognitive functioning in community-dwelling older men.

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences·2026

Same author

A Genome-wide Association Study of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia in a Large Multi-ancestry Military Cohort Identifies Many New Dementia-Associated Loci.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Association of C-reactive protein with brain micro- and macro-structure among older adult men.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2026

Same author

Evaluating a Genome-Wide Polygenic Score for Handgrip Strength and its Interplay with Leisure-Time Physical Activity Across the IGEMS Twin Cohorts.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise·2026

Same journal

The impact of the 5A nursing model on pain in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Phenotyping of isolated mesh associated pain secondary to continence mesh device insertion.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

The time-effect relationship of intra-articular ozone injection for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Pressure point: blood flow restriction exercise and the pain paradox in musculoskeletal injury and persistent pain populations-a narrative review.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Exploratory identification of candidate biomarkers and molecular contributors to paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with breast cancer through proteomic analysis.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Fibromyalgia in cancer patients: a systematic review and clinical implications for integrated care.

Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Electrical Networks Behind Complex Brain Activities and Disorders

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Electrical Networks Behind Complex Brain Activities and Disorders

Published on: November 1, 2024

Sex Differences in Migraine: A Twin Study.

Morgan C Fitzgerald¹, Ursula G Saelzler¹, Matthew S Panizzon^1,2

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Pain Research (Lausanne, Switzerland)

|March 17, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Migraine affects women more than men. This study found that while genetics play a role, the prenatal environment, specifically exposure to male hormones, may increase migraine risk in females.

Keywords:

heritability hormones migraine sex-differences twins

More Related Videos

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Published on: July 29, 2021

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Electrical Networks Behind Complex Brain Activities and Disorders

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Electrical Networks Behind Complex Brain Activities and Disorders

Published on: November 1, 2024

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Published on: July 29, 2021

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Area of Science:

Neurology
Genetics
Endocrinology

Background:

Migraine disproportionately affects women, with two-thirds of sufferers being female.
The underlying mechanisms for this prominent sex difference in migraine remain largely unknown.
Understanding these factors is crucial for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to sex differences in migraine.
To determine if migraine heritability differs between sexes (quantitative genetic differences).
To explore if different genes influence migraine in men and women (qualitative genetic differences).
To assess the role of the prenatal hormone environment in migraine risk.

Main Methods:

Analysis of data from 51,872 participants in the Swedish Twin Registry.
Application of a sex-limitation model to assess genetic influences on migraine.
Utilized multilevel logistic regression comparing twin pairs to evaluate prenatal environmental effects.

Main Results:

Women exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of migraine without aura (17.6%) compared to men (5.5%).
Migraine showed equal heritability in both sexes (0.45), with subtle evidence for sex-specific genetic influences.
Females with a male co-twin had a 1.51 times higher risk of migraine compared to females with a female co-twin.

Conclusions:

Genetic factors alone do not fully explain the sex difference in migraine prevalence.
Masculinization of the prenatal environment may elevate migraine risk in females.
Prenatal neuroendocrine factors are implicated as potential contributors to migraine development.