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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
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Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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A Closed-Loop Modeling Framework for Cardiac-to-Coronary Coupling.

Anneloes G Munneke1, Joost Lumens1, Theo Arts1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a multi-scale cardiovascular model to simulate cardiac mechanics and coronary blood flow. The model accurately predicts coronary flow patterns, aiding research into cardiac-to-coronary coupling and myocardial disease effects.

Keywords:
cardiac-to-coronary couplingcomputational modelcoronary circulationcoronary hemodynamicstransmural myocardial flow

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac mechanics significantly influence coronary perfusion (cardiac-to-coronary coupling), but current models often neglect myocardial stress and strain.
  • Existing coronary models have limitations for in-depth studies on cardiac-to-coronary coupling due to the exclusion of mechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a multi-scale mathematical model integrating coronary mechanics and hemodynamics within a closed-loop cardiovascular system.
  • To enable realistic simulations of cardiac-to-coronary coupling by incorporating myocardial stress and strain.
  • To provide a research platform for investigating the impact of altered myocardial properties on coronary hemodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a coronary model featuring a 1D network for major vessels and a lumped parameter model for microcirculation within the CircAdapt framework.
  • Modeled intramyocardial pressure based on ventricular cavity pressure transmission and myocardial stiffness, considering global and local myofiber mechanics.
  • Validated model predictions against reported data for epicardial flow velocity, intramyocardial flow, and diameter, including a case study of aortic valve stenosis.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately reproduced the phasic patterns of coronary flow velocity and arterial flow impediment.
  • Simulations demonstrated realistic intramyocardial differences in coronary flow and diameter.
  • Predicted retrograde flow during early systole in aortic valve stenosis aligned with clinical measurements.

Conclusions:

  • A powerful multi-scale modeling framework for simulating coronary mechanics and hemodynamics has been developed.
  • This framework facilitates in-depth research into cardiac-to-coronary coupling.
  • The model can be utilized to study the effects of abnormal myocardial tissue properties on coronary blood flow.