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Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
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Higher Muscle Damage Triggered by Shorter Inter-Set Rest Periods in Volume-Equated Resistance Exercise.

Gilmar Weber Senna1,2, Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas2,3, Estevão Scudese1,2

  • 1Sports Science and Exercise Laboratory (LaCEE), Petrópolis Catholic University, Petrópolis, Brazil.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Shorter rest periods (1-min) between resistance exercises increase muscle damage and inflammation markers compared to longer rests (3-min). This suggests 1-minute rests prolong the inflammatory response post-exercise.

Keywords:
L-Lactate Dehydrogenasecreatine kinasecytokinesleukocytesphysical fitnessresistance training

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Resistance exercise (RE) elicits inflammatory responses and muscle damage.
  • The impact of rest interval duration on these post-exercise outcomes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the effects of 1-minute versus 3-minute rest periods between volume-equated RE sets on inflammatory markers and muscle damage.

Main Methods:

  • Ten trained men performed 10 repetitions at 10-RM on barbell bench press and leg press with either 1-min or 3-min rest intervals.
  • Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and at 6, 12, and 24 hours post-exercise to measure cytokines, leukocytes, and creatine kinase (CK).

Main Results:

  • The 1-minute rest interval resulted in significantly higher Creatine Kinase (CK) levels from 12 to 24 hours post-exercise compared to the 3-minute interval.
  • Increased leukocytes (total, neutrophils, monocytes), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, GM-CSF), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-10) were observed with the 1-minute rest period.

Conclusions:

  • A 1-minute rest period during volume-equated RE leads to greater muscle tissue damage.
  • Shorter rest intervals prolong the inflammatory response compared to longer rest intervals.