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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Transient neonatal hypocalcaemia caused by maternal hyperparathyroidism.

Joana S Gonçalves1, Luisa Carrington Queiró2, Joana Soares2

  • 1Pediatrics Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE, Lisboa, Portugal joanarsgoncalves@gmail.com.

BMJ Case Reports
|March 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Late-onset hypocalcaemia in newborns can signal maternal hyperparathyroidism. Early diagnosis and treatment of the mother

Keywords:
calcium and bonematerno-fetal medicineneonatal healthneonatal intensive care

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Neonatal hypocalcaemia presents a spectrum of severity, from asymptomatic cases to life-threatening emergencies.
  • Late-onset hypocalcaemia requires thorough investigation to identify underlying causes.

Observation:

  • A 36-week gestational age male infant presented with jitteriness, hypotonia, and feeding issues.
  • The infant developed late-onset hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, low vitamin D, and normal parathyroid hormone levels by day nine.

Findings:

  • Further investigation revealed maternal hypercalcaemia and elevated parathyroid hormone.
  • Asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism was identified as the cause of the neonatal hypocalcaemia.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the necessity of evaluating neonatal hypocalcaemia for potential maternal endocrine disorders.
  • Prompt recognition of maternal hyperparathyroidism is crucial for effective management of neonatal hypocalcaemia.