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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Sep 30, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Fast and slow feedforward inhibitory circuits for cortical odor processing.

Norimitsu Suzuki1, Malinda L S Tantirigama1,2, K Phyu Aung1

  • 1Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

Elife
|March 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Odor responses in the piriform cortex involve two interneuron types providing feedforward inhibition. Neurogliaform cells offer brief, strong inhibition, while horizontal cells provide prolonged, diffuse inhibition.

Keywords:
inhibitionmouseneuroscienceolfactionpiriform cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Brain circuitry

Background:

  • Feedforward inhibition is crucial for brain function, but its role in the piriform cortex is poorly understood.
  • The piriform cortex processes olfactory information and relies on a balance of excitation and inhibition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of feedforward inhibition in the mouse piriform cortex.
  • To characterize the roles of neurogliaform (NG) cells and horizontal (HZ) cells in olfactory processing.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo two-photon-targeted patch clamping in mice.
  • In vivo calcium imaging to monitor neural activity.
  • Recording from NG cells and HZ cells in layer 1 of the piriform cortex.

Main Results:

  • Odors strongly excite both NG cells and HZ cells in layer 1 of the piriform cortex.
  • NG cells fire earlier than HZ cells due to faster excitatory input from the olfactory bulb.
  • NG cells provide transient, strong inhibition to layer 2 principal cells, while HZ cells offer prolonged, diffuse inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Feedforward inhibition in the piriform cortex is more complex than previously thought.
  • Distinct temporal dynamics of NG and HZ cell activity shape olfactory processing.
  • This study reveals novel insights into inhibitory circuit function in the olfactory cortex.