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Related Concept Videos

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Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Excellently balanced water-intercalation-type heat-storage oxide.

Takuya Hatakeyama1,2, Norihiko L Okamoto3, Satoshi Otake4

  • 1Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.

Nature Communications
|March 18, 2022
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Summary

Researchers discovered a manganese dioxide material that efficiently stores heat using a water intercalation mechanism. This solid-state material offers excellent energy density and a long lifetime, ideal for waste-heat recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Growing demand for efficient heat storage materials.
  • Existing materials lack balance in lifetime, energy density, and charge/discharge rates.
  • Need for improved solutions for low-grade waste-heat applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify a well-balanced heat storage material.
  • To explore the water-intercalation mechanism in layered manganese dioxide.
  • To evaluate the material's suitability for practical heat storage.

Main Methods:

  • Investigation of birnessite-type layered manganese dioxide (δ-type K0.33MnO2·nH2O).
  • Experimental analysis of water intercalation mechanism.
  • Validation using ab initio calculations.

Main Results:

  • δ-type K0.33MnO2·nH2O demonstrates excellent heat storage properties.
  • Achieved volumetric energy density exceeding 1000 MJ m⁻³ (at n ≈ 0.5).
  • Operates in a solid state with water as a working pair, showing high reversibility and fast charge/discharge.

Conclusions:

  • Layered manganese dioxide with crystal water is a promising, well-balanced heat storage material.
  • The water-intercalation mechanism is key to its high performance.
  • This discovery offers an optimal solution for low-grade waste-heat utilization.