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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Overview
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

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Evolutionary transition from a single RNA replicator to a multiple replicator network.

Ryo Mizuuchi1,2, Taro Furubayashi3, Norikazu Ichihashi4,5,6

  • 1Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan. mizuuchi@bio.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

Nature Communications
|March 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-replicating RNA molecules evolved into a complex network, demonstrating cooperation and open-ended evolution. This prebiotic evolution showcases a critical step towards the emergence of life through Darwinian principles.

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of life studies
  • Molecular evolution
  • Systems chemistry

Background:

  • Prebiotic evolution proposes that self-replicating molecules expanded information and functions to form complex systems.
  • Evolutionary complexification may arise from novel replicators interacting to form replication networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for molecular replicators to spontaneously develop complexity through Darwinian evolution.
  • To observe the formation of replication networks from evolving RNA molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Long-term evolution experiments using RNA that replicates via a self-encoded RNA replicase.
  • Monitoring the diversification and frequency dynamics of RNA lineages over time.

Main Results:

  • RNA diversified into multiple coexisting host and parasite lineages.
  • Initial fluctuations in lineage frequencies stabilized, forming a five-lineage replicator network.
  • The network exhibited diverse interactions, including cooperative behaviors that benefited all members' replication.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular replicators can spontaneously develop complexity through Darwinian evolution.
  • The formation of a cooperative replicator network supports a critical step in the emergence of life.
  • Experimental evolution provides insights into prebiotic systems and the origins of biological complexity.