Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

399
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
399
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

176
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
176
Introduction to Psychological Disorders01:19

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

551
Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
Deviance in behavior refers to actions or thought patterns that significantly diverge from societal norms or...
551
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

231
Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
231
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

138
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
138

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Social value of a childhood QALY - Revealed preferences from pharmaceutical funding decisions in Australia 2005-2023.

Social science & medicine (1982)·2026
Same author

Strategic Delay and Bargaining Over Public Insurance Coverage for Drugs in Australia.

Health economics·2026
Same author

Workforce impacts of subsidised mental healthcare: Evidence on supply, geographic distribution, and earnings.

Journal of health economics·2025
Same author

A pilot safety and tolerability study of scanning ultrasound as a neuromodulation therapy in Alzheimer's disease.

Brain communications·2025
Same author

Healthcare usage and cost-effectiveness of approach bias modification at 12-months for patients undergoing inpatient withdrawal for alcohol use disorder.

Journal of substance use and addiction treatment·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.1K

Abnormal habenula functional connectivity characterizes treatment-resistant depression.

Ana Rita Barreiros1, Isabella Breukelaar2, Prashanth Mayur3

  • 1Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|March 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) shows distinct brain connectivity patterns compared to treatment-sensitive depression (TSD). TRD is linked to increased left habenula connectivity, potentially explaining anhedonia and aiding in developing new depression treatments.

Keywords:
AnhedoniaFunctional connectivityHabenulaTreatment-resistant depressionTreatment-sensitive depressionresting-state fMRI

More Related Videos

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.7K
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

381

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 29, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.1K
Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.7K
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

381

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder often includes treatment resistance.
  • Anhedonia, a key symptom of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), is linked to the habenula, a reward network component.
  • Understanding TRD's neural mechanisms is crucial for effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the neural circuitry of the habenula in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
  • To identify neural mechanisms underlying TRD and anhedonia.
  • To differentiate brain connectivity patterns between TRD, treatment-sensitive depression (TSD), and healthy controls (HC).

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used.
  • Functional connectivity analyses focused on the left and right habenula as seed regions.
  • Whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons were conducted across 35 TRD patients, 35 TSD patients, and 38 HC.

Main Results:

  • TRD patients exhibited hyperconnectivity of the left habenula to the precuneus cortex and precentral gyrus compared to TSD and HC groups.
  • Treatment-sensitive depression (TSD) showed hypoconnectivity compared to healthy controls (HC).
  • Increased connectivity was associated with a history of suicidal ideation.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is characterized by left habenula hyperconnectivity, particularly with default mode network regions.
  • This increased interplay between reward and default mode networks may underlie anhedonia in TRD.
  • Findings suggest novel therapeutic targets for difficult-to-treat depression.