Fluorescence conjugated nanostructured cobalt-doped hydroxyapatite platform for imaging-guided drug delivery...

Multifunctional nanomaterials developed from hydroxyapatite (HAp) with enhanced biological characteristics have recently attracted attention in the biomedical field. The goal of this study is to investigate the potential applications of cobalt-doped HAp (Co-HAp) in the biomedical imaging and therapeutic applications. The co-precipitation approach was used to substitute different molar concentrations of Ca²⁺ ions with cobalt (Co²⁺) in HAp structure. The synthesized Co-HAp nanoparticles were studied using various sophisticated techniques to verify the success rate of the doping method. The specific crystal structure, functional groups, size, morphology, photoluminescence property, and thermal stability of the Co-HAp nanoparticles were analyzed based on the characterization results. The computational modelling of doped and undoped HAp reveals the difference in crystal structure parameters. The cytotoxicity study (MTT assay and AO/PI/Hoechst fluorescence staining) reveals the non-toxic characteristics of Co-HAp nanoparticles on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The DOX was loaded onto Co-HAp, showing the maximum drug loading capacity for 2.0 mol% Co-HAp. Drug release was estimated in five different pH environments with various time intervals over 72 h. Furthermore, 2.0 mol% Co-HAp shows excellent fluorescence sensitivity with FITC-conjugated MDA-MB-231 cell lines. These results suggest that cobalt improved the fluorescence intensity of FITC-labeled HAp nanoparticles. This work highlights the promising application of Co-HAp nanoparticles with significant enhanced fluorescence activity for imaging-guided drug delivery system.