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Thyroid hormones and insulin in milk; a comparative study.

A B Slebodziński, J Nowak, H Gawecka

    Endocrinologia Experimentalis
    |August 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Milk contains thyroid hormones (TH) and insulin (INS), crucial for offspring development. Researchers measured these hormones in various species, finding T3 and INS may play vital postnatal roles.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Lactational Physiology
    • Neonatal Nutrition

    Background:

    • Thyroid hormones (TH) and insulin (INS) are vital for mammalian development.
    • Their presence and concentration in milk are critical for neonatal adaptation.
    • Previous studies on milk hormone levels have varied significantly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To accurately measure thyroid hormones (T4, T3, reverse-T3) and insulin concentrations in milk.
    • To compare milk hormone levels with blood serum concentrations across species.
    • To investigate the potential physiological roles of milk-borne hormones in neonates.

    Main Methods:

    • Radioimmunoassay (RIA) with prolonged alkaline ethanol extraction at low temperature.
    • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for validation.
    • Hormone level quantification in milk and blood serum from rabbits, cows, pigs, and humans.

    Main Results:

    • Thyroxine (T4) levels in milk were similar across species (approx. 2 nmol/L), a fraction of serum levels.
    • Triiodothyronine (T3) levels in milk were about one-third of serum levels.
    • Insulin concentrations in milk mirrored serum levels, varying with the peri-parturient period and species.
    • Reverse-T3 was absent in cow milk but present at low levels in rabbit milk.
    • Milk insulin transfer correlated positively with blood insulin levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Milk contains significant levels of T3 and insulin that may influence neonatal development.
    • Triiodothyronine in milk could be crucial for early postnatal adaptation.
    • Insulin in milk, particularly colostrum, might exert biological effects on neonates post-ingestion.

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