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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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Appetite responses to pecan-enriched diets.

Liana L Guarneiri1, Chad M Paton2, Jamie A Cooper1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

Appetite
|March 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Daily pecan consumption improved appetite regulation in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adding pecans increased satiety hormones and reduced hunger, suggesting a beneficial role in appetite management.

Keywords:
CholecystokininGhrelinHungerPeptide YYSatietyTree nutsVisual analog scale

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Appetite Regulation

Background:

  • Tree nuts are known to enhance satiety acutely.
  • Limited data exists on the long-term effects of daily nut consumption on appetite markers.
  • Adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) may benefit from dietary strategies to manage appetite.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of daily pecan consumption on appetite markers in adults at risk for CVD.
  • To compare the effects of adding pecans versus substituting pecans in the diet.
  • To assess changes in hormonal and subjective appetite measures over an 8-week period.

Main Methods:

  • An 8-week randomized controlled trial with three groups: pecan addition (ADD), pecan substitution (SUB), and nut-free control.
  • Participants consumed 68g of pecans daily (ADD) or substituted pecans for isocaloric foods (SUB).
  • Postprandial hormonal (CCK, PYY, ghrelin) and subjective appetite (VAS) assessments were conducted after a high-fat meal, alongside daily appetite ratings.

Main Results:

  • The ADD group showed increased postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), and suppressed ghrelin.
  • Decreases in prospective consumption and desire to eat were significantly greater in the ADD group compared to SUB and control groups.
  • Within the ADD group, overall appetite and desire to eat decreased, while fullness increased from pre- to post-intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Daily pecan consumption enhances subjective and physiological markers of postprandial appetite in adults at risk for CVD.
  • Adding pecans to the diet appears more effective for appetite regulation than substituting them.
  • Pecans may serve as a valuable component in dietary strategies for managing appetite and supporting cardiovascular health.