Human Factors Considerations in Transitions in Care Clinical Decision Support System Implementation Studies

Objective: Review transitions in care clinical decision support system (CDSS) implementation studies and describe human factors considerations in users, design, alert types, intervention timing, and implementation outcomes. Methods: Literature review in PubMed guided by subject matter experts. Results: Twelve articles were included. Targeted users included physicians, nurses, pharmacists, or interdisciplinary teams. Alerts were deployed via email, cloud-based software, or the EHR in inpatient and/or outpatient settings. Outcome measures varied across articles, with mixed performance. There were six readmissions-focused, two prescribing, one laboratory, two prescribing and laboratory, and one discharge disposition CDSS. Few articles reported statistically significant differences in outcomes, and many reported alert fatigue. Discussion and Conclusion: Despite the increasing prevalence of CDSS for transitions in care, few articles describe implementation processes and outcomes, and evidence of clinical practice improvement is mixed. Future studies should utilize implementation science frameworks and incorporate appropriate implementation outcomes in addition to traditional clinical outcomes like readmission rates.