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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Risk stratification for postoperative hematoma following anterior cervical spine surgery: a machine learning approach.

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Poor postoperative pain control is associated with prolonged length of stay after elective spine surgery: An observational cohort study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis
07:44

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

Published on: March 23, 2019

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The sitting vs standing spine.

Christos Tsagkaris1,2, Jonas Widmer1,2, Florian Wanivenhaus1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.

North American Spine Society Journal
|March 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal fusion surgery planning often ignores patient sitting posture, despite significant spinal configuration differences between standing and sitting. More research is needed on seated imaging for better surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
EOS imagingSeated imagingSitting radiographsSpine surgerySpine, spinal fusionsedentary lifestyle

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Last Updated: Sep 29, 2025

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A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Spine Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spinal fusion surgery planning typically uses standing radiographs.
  • Patients spend most daily activities in a sitting position.
  • Spinal configuration differs significantly between standing and sitting postures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on seated imaging for spinal fusion surgery.
  • To identify knowledge gaps in this area.
  • To propose future research questions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted using PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMASc).
  • Studies included were related to seated imaging for spinal deformity surgery.
  • Findings were summarized for healthy individuals and patients with spinal disorders/surgery.

Main Results:

  • 30 studies were identified, focusing on pre/postoperative seated imaging (12), non-surgical evaluation (7), and healthy individuals (12).
  • Sitting straightens the spine, decreasing thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral slope.
  • Postural changes are more pronounced in lower spinal segments, with adjacent segments compensating.

Conclusions:

  • The spine's configuration changes between standing and sitting.
  • Current evidence on incorporating seated imaging into spinal fusion surgical planning is minimal.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist, necessitating further research.