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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice
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Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae.

Areej Alfaifi1,2, Ahmed S Sultan1,3, Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui1

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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|March 21, 2022
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Summary

COVID-19 may compromise salivary gland function, reducing histatin-5 levels and increasing oral infection risk. This study explores the link between SARS-CoV-2 and reduced salivary defense mechanisms in patients experiencing oral symptoms post-infection.

Keywords:
COVID - 19antimicrobial peptideinflammationopportunistic infectionoralsalivary glands

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The oral cavity is an underappreciated site for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • COVID-19 patients exhibit various oral conditions, including salivary gland inflammation and atrophy.
  • Saliva contains crucial healing properties, notably histatin-5, vital for innate immunity.

Observation:

  • SARS-CoV-2 replicates in salivary epithelial cells, potentially damaging salivary glands.
  • A patient presented with chronic oral dysesthesia and dysgeusia after recovering from COVID-19.
  • Salivary analysis revealed significantly reduced histatin-5 levels and activated Th17 inflammatory pathway in the patient.

Findings:

  • COVID-19 infection is associated with decreased salivary histatin-5 levels.
  • Patient saliva showed reduced efficacy against *Candida albicans* ex vivo.
  • SARS-CoV-2 may compromise salivary gland function, impairing histatin-5 production.

Implications:

  • Reduced histatin-5 may increase the risk of opportunistic oral infections like *Candida albicans*.
  • This research highlights the need to consider COVID-19's impact on oral health.
  • Mechanistic insights may lead to reassessing risks for oral inflammatory processes in COVID-19 patients.