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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Plasmid-Mediated Stabilization of Prophages.

Matthew J Tuttle1, Frank S May1, Jonelle T R Basso1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Msphere
|March 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mobile genetic elements like plasmids influence bacterial evolution. In marine bacteria, losing specific plasmids significantly increases spontaneous prophage induction, impacting microbial communities and adaptation.

Keywords:
lysogenic-lytic switchmarinemobile genetic elementsplasmidsspontaneous prophage inductiontemperate phages

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like prophages and plasmids are crucial for bacterial evolution and adaptation.
  • Interactions between multiple MGEs within a single bacterium are not well understood.
  • Spontaneous prophage induction (SPI) influences bacterial fitness and community dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactions between prophages and plasmids in the marine bacterium Sulfitobacter pontiacus.
  • To understand the mechanisms behind variations in spontaneous prophage induction (SPI).
  • To assess the role of plasmid content versus prophage genotype on host physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Genome sequencing of Sulfitobacter pontiacus strains CB-D and CB-A.
  • Generation of derivative strains with varying MGE content.
  • Characterization of prophage induction levels in different strains.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of plasmid and phage gene distribution in metagenomic data.

Main Results:

  • CB-A lacks two of the four large plasmids present in CB-D.
  • Plasmid content, not prophage genotype, strongly correlates with SPI levels.
  • Strains lacking specific plasmids exhibited high phage titers, while those with all plasmids showed undetectable titers.
  • Homologous plasmid sequences and widespread phage genes were found in marine metagenomic data.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmid-dependent stabilization of prophages is likely common in marine environments.
  • Cross-talk between plasmids and prophages influences spontaneous prophage induction.
  • These findings have implications for understanding bacterial lifestyles and adaptation across ecosystems.