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Emotion regulation patterns: Capturing variability and flexibility in emotion regulation in an experience sampling

Emma Elkjaer1, Mai B Mikkelsen1, Mia Skytte O'Toole1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
|March 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Emotion regulation (ER) variability and flexibility are key to adaptive functioning. However, this study found that higher ER variability was often linked to lower well-being, suggesting it may be maladaptive.

Keywords:
Adaptive emotion regulationemotion regulation flexibilityemotion regulation variabilityexperience sampling

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Variability and flexibility in emotion regulation (ER) are considered crucial for adaptive ER.
  • Operationalizing and measuring ER variability and flexibility remain challenging.
  • Existing research has not fully clarified the adaptive or maladaptive nature of ER variability and flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between ER variability and flexibility and measures of well-being.
  • To examine these associations at both the person-level and day-level.
  • To differentiate between putatively adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Two 10-day experience sampling studies with healthy participants (N=51 and 39).
  • Participants reported momentary emotions and ER efforts.
  • ER variability (between and within) and flexibility were operationalized and assessed alongside well-being indicators (psychological distress, life satisfaction).

Main Results:

  • Results were mixed, with some indicators of ER variability and flexibility relating differently to well-being.
  • Total within-ER variability negatively associated with well-being at person and day levels.
  • Putatively adaptive ER variability and flexibility were sometimes negatively associated with well-being.

Conclusions:

  • Variability in ER may be a maladaptive trait, contrary to previous assumptions.
  • More research is needed to understand the nuances of adaptive versus maladaptive ER strategies and their contextual influences.
  • The adaptiveness of ER variability and flexibility requires further investigation with richer contextual data.