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Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Published on: April 18, 2019

Implications of PFAS definitions using fluorinated pharmaceuticals.

Emily Hammel¹, Thomas F Webster¹, Rich Gurney²

¹Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.

|March 22, 2022

Summary

Defining per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is challenging due to their vast number. This study evaluated nine PFAS definitions, finding significant variation in how organofluorine pharmaceuticals are included.

Keywords:

Chemistry Organic chemistry Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Pharmaceutical science Toxicology

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Toxicology
Regulatory Science

Background:

Over 9,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist, complicating individual study and regulation.
Existing PFAS definitions, primarily structure-based, inadequately address the full scope of organofluorine chemicals, including essential pharmaceuticals.
Organofluorine pharmaceuticals are detected in human serum and wastewater, highlighting the need for consistent identification.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the variability of existing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) definitions.
To evaluate how different PFAS definitions encompass organofluorine pharmaceuticals.
To provide a framework for organizations to refine PFAS definitions.

Main Methods:

Screened 360 organofluorine pharmaceuticals approved globally (1954-2021) against nine distinct PFAS definitions.
Analyzed the inclusion rates of organofluorine pharmaceuticals across the evaluated definitions.
Compared the scope of definitions, noting variations in coverage.

Main Results:

The nine evaluated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) definitions showed significant variability in organofluorine pharmaceutical inclusion, ranging from 1% to 100%.
The most inclusive definitions incorporated widely prescribed organofluorine pharmaceuticals such as Prozac and Lipitor.
Inconsistent identification of essential organofluorine pharmaceuticals across definitions was observed.

Conclusions:

Current per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) definitions are not uniform in their identification of organofluorine chemicals, particularly pharmaceuticals.
The variability in definitions poses challenges for comprehensive risk assessment and regulation of PFAS.
A standardized framework is needed to guide organizations in developing more inclusive and effective PFAS definitions.