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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

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Published on: October 28, 2022

[Consecutive Ankle Sprain Classification and Injury Systematization (CASCaIS), A New Lateral Ankle Sprain

Francisco Guerra-Pinto¹, João Caetano², Rita Alçada²

¹Serviço de Ortopedia. Hospital de Sant'Ana. Parede; Serviço de Ortopedia. Hospital da Cruz Vermelha. Lisboa; NOVA Medical School. Lisboa. Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa

|March 22, 2022

Summary

A new clinical ankle sprain classification accurately predicts chronic ankle instability (CAI). A negative ankle pivot test indicates no CAI, while a positive test suggests a significant risk, aiding prognosis.

Keywords:

Ankle Injuries Ankle Lateral Ligament Prognosis

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Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

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Published on: January 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Clinical Prognostics

Context:

Acute ankle sprains present a significant challenge due to unpredictable prognoses.
Traditional classification systems often lack clarity and prognostic correlation.
Accurate prognosis is crucial for effective patient management and treatment planning.

Purpose:

To introduce and validate a novel, clinically-based classification system for acute ankle sprains.
To establish a reliable method for predicting the likelihood of developing chronic ankle instability (CAI).
To offer a simple, cost-effective tool for clinicians to assess ankle sprain prognosis.

Summary:

A prospective study evaluated patients aged 18-45 with acute ankle sprains over 24 months with a minimum 12-month follow-up.
The CASCaIS (Clinical Assessment of Sprains) classification, assessed initially and deferred, incorporated gait, inspection, palpation, and the ankle pivot test.
A negative ankle pivot test showed zero progression to CAI, while a positive test resulted in CAI in 27% of patients (p=0.022). The CASCaIS-Deferred also correlated with CAI (p=0.018).

Impact:

The proposed CASCaIS classification demonstrates high reliability and simplicity for clinical use.
This tool aids clinicians in providing accurate prognoses for acute ankle sprains.
Early identification of CAI risk can potentially lead to timely interventions and improved patient outcomes.