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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Published on: January 9, 2014

Gradient Hierarchically Porous Structure for Rapid Capillary-Assisted Catalysis.

Chin-Te Hung¹, Linlin Duan¹, Tiancong Zhao¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|March 22, 2022

Summary

We developed novel zeolite@mesoporous silica core-shell nanospheres with gradient porous structures. These nanoreactors enhance catalytic efficiency and stability for esterification and C-H arylation reactions.

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Catalysis

Background:

Hierarchically porous materials with gradient structures are challenging to synthesize.
Uniform spatial gradients and structural reinforcement are key challenges in material design.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel synthesis strategy for zeolite@mesoporous silica core-shell nanospheres (ZeoA@MesoS) with gradient porous structures.
To investigate the catalytic performance of these nanoreactors in esterification and C-H arylation reactions.

Main Methods:

Micellar dynamic assembly strategy using swelling agents to control micelle size.
Modular assembly of gradient mesostructures.
Characterization of nanosphere morphology, pore structure, and catalytic activity.

Main Results:

ZeoA@MesoS nanospheres exhibit uniform micropores in the core and gradient tubular mesopores in the shell.
Achieved ~75% catalytic yield in long-chain carboxylic acid esterification with high stability, even with water interference.
Demonstrated ~98% catalytic conversion in C-H arylation of N-methylindole using a Pd-immobilized catalyst, showing a 26% yield enhancement compared to controls.

Conclusions:

The developed micellar dynamic assembly strategy enables the synthesis of hierarchically gradient porous nanostructures.
ZeoA@MesoS nanoreactors facilitate efficient mass transfer and exhibit excellent catalytic performance and stability.
The unique structure and water-trapping capability of the zeolite core significantly enhance catalytic efficiency, particularly in water-sensitive reactions.