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Related Concept Videos

ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
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Fluorescence Microscopy for ATP Internalization Mediated by Macropinocytosis in Human Tumor Cells and Tumor-xenografted Mice
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The ATP-dependent Pathways and Human Diseases.

Justyna Suwara1, Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura1, Arkadiusz Chworos1

  • 1Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|March 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is vital for life, acting as an energy source and signaling molecule. Imbalances in ATP levels and function contribute to serious diseases like neurodegeneration and cardiovascular conditions.

Keywords:
ATPATP-dependent pathwaysadenosine triphosphatecardiovascular diseasesnervous systempurinergic signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is fundamental for cellular energy and nucleic acid synthesis.
  • Extracellular ATP functions as a critical signaling molecule in various physiological processes.
  • ATP-dependent pathways are integral to tissue and organ homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest data on ATP's role in intracellular and extracellular signaling networks.
  • To summarize ATP-dependent processes in key physiological systems.
  • To discuss the pathological implications of ATP dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ATP signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of ATP's involvement in purinergic signaling, MAP kinase, mTOR, and calcium signaling.
  • Synthesis of data on ATP's role in nervous, cardiovascular, immune, skin, and bone systems.

Main Results:

  • ATP orchestrates complex signaling networks, including purinergic, MAP kinase, mTOR, and calcium pathways.
  • ATP is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular, immune systems, skin, and bones.
  • Dysregulation of ATP homeostasis is linked to numerous diseases.

Conclusions:

  • ATP's dual role as an energy currency and signaling molecule is essential for health.
  • Aberrant ATP signaling contributes to pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration, CVDs, cancer, and immune disorders.
  • Understanding ATP's complex functions is key to developing therapeutic strategies for related diseases.